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The result is that the two signals work opposite one another: When the surround signal in stream A tells the left speaker cone to move out, the signal in stream B tells the right speaker cone to move in. The effect is that these out-of-phase signals move the electromagnet for the rear speaker, and so control the rear sound. The center signals on both streams are identical in amplitude and frequency, and they are synchronized exactly. At the University of Arkansas, researchers are using nanowires to coat titanium implants. Or if you're a tinkerer, you can build your own using the freely available files. That's one of the reasons people have tried using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) to make phone calls. It has entertainment-related upgrades that make it a suitable centerpiece for a home theater. The theater is equipped with a CD player and a decoder that splits these channels up and plays them on different speakers arranged throughout the theater. It is possible to access surround sound with a standard stereo receiver, however, since all the information is actually included in the left and right channels. Because of this, the surround signal information coming from the front left and front right speakers largely cancels itself out, and you don't hear it.

In a surround setup with no center speaker, the perfectly balanced center signals will create a "phantom speaker" (the illusion of a speaker) directly in between the left and right speakers. For movie fans everywhere, surround sound has become an integral part of the theater experience. In the next section, what is control cable we'll take a look at these new digital theater sound systems. Digital sound works on a very different principle from analog sound systems. Check out How Home Theater Works to learn all about these home systems. DTS Digital Sound®, named for Digital Theater Systems, the company that patented the process. As in Dolby Stereo, DTS has three front sound channels and a subwoofer. The photocell sends pulses of current representing these flashes of light to the DTS processor. An audio signal, then, is just a fluctuating electrical current. The CCD registers an image made of hundreds of little specks that represent 1s and hundreds of spaces between the specs that represent 0s. The Dolby Digital Processor unit interprets the digital information in this image as an audio signal. On the other side of the film, the light hits a charge coupled device (CCD), the same sort of light sensor used in a digital camera (see How Movie Sound Works: Dolby Digital to learn more).

Check out Dolby Surround Pro Logic Decoder: Principles Of Operation (PDF) for more information. The sound signal for the surround channel is also recorded on stream A and stream B, but the identical signals in each stream are out of phase with each other. The most difficult myths are earmarked well in advanced to make sure the crew can pull it off. But until recently, VoIP had one pretty big limitation -- to make a call, you had to be at a computer. In digital recordings, sound is encoded as a series of 1s and 0s, just like a computer program. In analog recordings, sound is encoded as a long, fluctuating stream of information. In this sound system, six separate audio channels are encoded onto one or two CDs. Like the front center speaker, it can be used to anchor sounds from the left and right surround channels. In the 1990s, a new kind of surround sound started popping up in theaters, and since then it has been gradually eclipsing the standard 4-2-4 approach. For detailed instructions on setting up this sort of homemade system, check out Chris Kantack's Surround Sound Information Source.

But assembling a homemade system is a great exercise for understanding how analog surround sound works in the first place. This setup won't give you the same quality surround sound as an actual surround-sound receiver, of course. In the next section, we'll see how this bare-bones surround-sound setup works. In a surround-sound setup, the signal for the center channel is recorded on both the A stream and the B stream. In this surround-sound setup, the potentiometer simply acts as a volume control for the rear speakers. To do this, get a pair of rear speakers and position them to the left and right of the listener. You can hook it up anywhere along the circuit leading to the rear speakers. Instead of leaving an entire circuit open during the whole conversation, it breaks the conversation into small packets of data. Government weather forecasters are so convinced of the value of such modeling that they recently upgraded their supercomputers to be able to perform an astonishing 213 trillion calculations per second (about 200,000 times the speed of an iPad), and store 2,000 terabytes of data -- roughly the equivalent of 2 billion digital photos.