Gazzaniga (Ed.), the Cognitive Neurosciences (Pp > 자유게시판

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Episodic memory is the identify given to the capability to consciously remember personally skilled events and conditions. It is one in every of the key psychological (cognitive) capacities enabled by the mind. Within the prototypical act of exercising the capability of episodic memory one might remember a current journey to Paris, mentally reliving events that happened there, within the mind’s eye seeing again the locations visited, sights seen, sounds heard, aromas smelled, and folks met. Memory is an umbrella term that covers a selection of various forms of acquisition, retention, and use of habits, skills, information, and expertise. Those that examine memory have found it useful to assume that totally different forms of studying and memory are subserved by totally different memory systems--organized collections of neurocognitive parts that work collectively to perform capabilities that other collections of elements can not perform, or can't perform as well. An essential goal of analysis has to do with the identification of these memory systems, specification of their properties, and delineation of the character of the relations among them.

Historically, the most primary distinction is that between procedural memory (an motion system that's expressed by way of habits; e.g., when riding a bicycle) and declarative memory (a cognitive system that's expressed by propositional data; e.g., when taking a classroom test). Both procedural and MemoryWave Official declarative memory are seen as consisting of various subdivisions (Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001; Schacter & Tulving, 1994; Schacter, Wagner, & Buckner, 2000; Squire, 1992; Squire & Kandel, 1999; Squire & Zola, 1998). This text describes a principle of episodic memory, considered one of the 2 assumed subdivisions of declarative memory. Nevertheless, because the theory of episodic memory can be solely incompletely understood in isolation of the other assumed subdivision of declarative memory, semantic memory--the system that enables us to accumulate and retain factual knowledge concerning the world (e.g., figuring out that Paris is a pleasant city to go to within the springtime) and from which episodic memory is thought to have developed, a lot of the discussion will concentrate on episodic memory in relation to semantic memory.

In this article, the term ‘episodic memory’ refers to a singular memory system (or capability) of the mind. Nevertheless, that is not the only which means of episodic memory that one will find in the literature. As an example, the time period is commonly used to describe the precise expertise (content) that comes to thoughts when exercising the capacity of episodic memory and the accompanying feeling (phenomenology) that one is currently reliving that previous expertise. Within the curiosity of readability, this article will confer with the contents of episodic memory as ‘remembered experiences’ and the phenomenological expertise as ‘remembering.’ The same problem exists in relation to the idea of semantic memory. Presently, the time period ‘semantic memory’ also stands for a capacity of the brain. In accordance with the speculation of episodic memory, the assumed evolutionary sequence of episodic memory rising out of semantic Memory Wave is reflected in the worldwide, monohierarchical relation between the two.

That's, episodic memory shares with semantic memory many features that distinguish each of them (i.e., all of declarative Memory Wave) from different main subdivisions of memory, but it additionally possesses options that it doesn't share with another memory system, together with semantic memory (Mishkin, Suzuki, Gadian, & Vargha-Khadem, 1997; Tulving, 1995). The monohierarchical relation also implies that episodic memory relies on semantic memory in its operations and cannot perform without related components of semantic memory, whereas semantic memory doesn't depend on episodic memory in its operations and may function without episodic memory. This kind of a relation between the 2 memory methods mimics many other similar relations in the dwelling world. As a single example, consider the relation between a visible system that has no sense of color and a visible system that does: The latter has all the pieces that the previous has, plus more. What makes episodic memory special is that it makes possible psychological time travel into the past, in addition to into the future, as will probably be seen below.

No different memory system has the identical capability, no less than not in the sense that episodic memory does. Both programs enable the organism to find out about facets of its world that are not immediately current. Encoded data (memory traces) may be multimodal (polymodal). Storage of encoded info is transmodal: each remembered experiences and data could be stored independent of the modality by means of which they have been acquired. Storage of data is very structured. Storage of knowledge is extremely delicate to context. Saved data is representational (isomorphic) with what's or could possibly be in the world. Entry to saved information during retrieval is flexible, inside limits. Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is elective and never obligatory. Thus, it is feasible to hold the retrieved info online, and just contemplate it. Retrieval of knowledge in both methods requires consciousness. It is not doable to directly retrieve information from either episodic or semantic memory nonconsciously. After all, various processes that underlie the retrieval of remembered experiences and knowledge could happen past acutely aware awareness.